Monday, October 18, 2021

Queen Elizabeth I of England's letter to her cousin King James VI of Scotland disavowing her having caused the execution of his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, dated February 14, 1586

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 1, volume 3, page 22, edited by Henry Ellis, 1825



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, artist unknown.


Above: King James VI of Scotland, painted by either Adrian Vanson or Arnold Bronckorst.


Above: Mary, Queen of Scots, artist unknown.

The letter:

My deare Brother, I would you knewe (though not felt) the extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary to my meaninge) hath befalen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine whom ere now yt hath pleased yow to favor, to instruct yow trewly of that which ys to yerksom for my penne to tell yow. I beseche yow that as God and many moe knowe, how innocent I am in this case: so you will believe me, that yf I had bid ought I owld have bid by yt. I am not so bace minded that feare of any livinge creature or prince should make me afrayde to do that were just, or don to denye the same. I am not of so base a linage, nor cary so vile a minde. But, as not to disguise, fits not a Kinge, so will I never dissemble my actions, but cawse them shewe even as I ment them. Thus assuringe yourself of me, that as I knowe this was deserved, yet yf I had ment yt I would never laye yt on others shoulders; no more will I not damnifie my selfe, that thought yt not.

The circumstance yt may please yow to have of this bearer. And for your part, thincke yow have not in the World a more lovinge kinswoman, nor a more deare frend then my selfe; nor any that will watch more carefully to preserve yow and your estate. And who shall otherwise perswade you, judge them more partiall to others then yow. And thus in hast I leave to troble yow: besechinge God to send yow a longe Reign. The 14th of Feb. 1586.
Your most assured lovinge sister
and cosin
ELIZAB. R.

With modernised spelling:

My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme dolour that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this case: so you will believe me, that if I had bid ought I would have bid by it. I am not so base-minded that fear of any living creature or prince should make me afraid to do that were just, or done to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my actions, but cause them shew even as I meant them. Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify myself, that thought it not.

The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you, judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to trouble you: beseeching God to send you a long reign. The 14th of February 1586.
Your most assured loving sister
and cousin
ELIZABETH R.

Notes: In accordance with the nobility's ideals in the early modern era, kings and queens considered themselves siblings; when talking to someone of a lower rank than their own, they would refer to that person as "my cousin", regardless of whether or not they were related.

dolour = pain.

bid = directed.

would have bid by it = would have abided by it.

Queen Elizabeth I's letter to François de Bourbon, Duke de Montpensier, telling him what should happen with the upbringing and custody of the minor daughters of William the Silent, Prince of Orange after his assassination, dated October 17, 1584

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 3, volume 4, page 48, edited by Henry Ellis, 1846



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, artist unknown.


Above: François de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, drawn by Thierry Bellangé.


Above: William the Silent, Prince of Orange, painted by Adriaen Thomasz. Key.


Above: Countess Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau, painted by Daniël van den Queborn.


Above: Countess Elisabeth of Orange-Nassau, artist unknown.


Above: Countess Catharina Belgica of Orange-Nassau as an adult, painted by Jan van Ravesteyn.


Above: Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Orange-Nassau as an adult, artist unknown.


Above: Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Orange-Nassau, artist unknown.


Above: Countess Emilia Antwerpiana of Orange-Nassau, artist unknown.

Elizabeth wrote this letter to François de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, about William the Silent, Prince of Orange's minor daughters after his assassination, the countesses Louise Juliana, Elisabeth, Catharina Belgica, Charlotte Flandrina, Charlotte Brabantina and Emilia Antwerpiana of Nassau.

The letter:

Monsr mon Cousin, comme le feu Prince d'Orange preuvyant le danger imminent auquel, il estoit tousiours subiect, par les secretes menees et embusches que luy tendoient ses ennemys, nous eust de son viuant bien instamment prié d'auoir ses filles pour recommendees, et de les prendre en nostre protection, s'il luy aduenoit de les laisser sans pere, se reposant (comme a bon droict il pouvoit faire) sur la fauer et affection que luy auons de tout temps portee: Nous auons aduise apres cest infortuné accident de la mort du dict Prince de fer bailler l'aysnee a Madame la Princesse de Nauarre (Bierne) sa parente comme scauez, ou elle ne peult failler d'estre bien et vertueusement nourrye; et de mander querir la seconde, qui est nostre filleule, pour la tenir icy pres de nous, ayant parcydeuant recommende celle d'apres, qui se nomme Brabantine, a Madame la Duchesse de Bouillon, vostre seur, pour estre nourrye pres de Madamoyselle de Bouillon sa fille. Les deux aultres estant desia accordees, l'une nommee Amelyne a L'Electoire Palatine, et l'aultre nommee Katerine a la Contesse de Schwartzenburgh, leurs marraynes. Et quant a l'aultre nommée Flandrine que la Dame du Paracly auoit desia aupres de soy du viuant du pere, nous la luy auons de long temps bien expressement aussy recommandee. Dont vous auons bien voulu particulierement aduertir pour l'interest qu'auez en elles par le droict de Nature; esperant que ne trouuerez mauuaise la disposition qu'en auons faute, ains plustost qu'aurez pour agreable le soing qu'auons d'elles. En quoy vous prions de nous seconder, et y aporter aussy de vostre part tout l'aduancement que pourrez comme le plus proche parent du coste maternel, prenant et acceptant la tutele de vostre Niepces, et vous rendant protecteur et conseruateur de ce quelles ont de bien en France, a fin qu'elles en puissent estre subu...ues pour leur entrenement. Et que a ceste fin il vous plaise requerir le Roy de son commandement et authorité pour le' faire fauer sil en sera de besoing. Et ainsi faisant icy fin de ceste, Nous prierons le Createur quil vous ait, Monsieur mon Cousin, tousjours en sa saincte garde, et vous doint tresbonne vie et longue. Escript a nostre Maison de Hampton Court, le dixseptiesme jour d'Octobre, 1584.
Vostre tresaffectionnée bone Cousine,
et tresassurée Amye a jamais.
ELIZABETH R.

A Monsieur mon Cousin Le Duc de
Montpensier.

With modernised spelling:

Monsieur mon cousin, comme le feu Prince d'Orange prévoyant le danger imminent auquel il était toujours sujet, par les secrètes menées et embûches que lui tendaient ses ennemis, nous eût de son vivant bien instamment prié d'avoir ses filles pour recommandées, et de les prendre en notre protection, s'il lui avenait de les laisser sans père, se reposant (comme à bon droit il pouvait faire) sur la faveur et affection que [nous] lui avons de tout temps portée. Nous avons avisé après cet infortuné accident de la mort du dit Prince de faire bailler l'aînée à Madame la princesse de Navarre (Bierne) sa parente comme savez, où elle ne peut faillir d'être bien et vertueusement nourrie; et de mander quérir la seconde, qui est notre filleule, pour la tenir ici près de nous, ayant par ci-devant recommandé celle d'après, qui se nomme Brabantine, à Madame la duchesse de Bouillon, votre sœur, pour être nourrie près de Madamoiselle de Bouillon sa fille. Les deux autres étant déjà accordées, l'une nommee Emiline a l'électoire palatine, et l'autre nommée Catherine à la comtesse de Schwarzenburg, leurs marraines. Et quant a l'autre nommée Flandrine que la Dame du Paracly avoit déjà auprès de soi du vivant du père, nous la lui avons de longtemps bien expréssement aussi recommandée. Dont [nous] vous avons bien voulu particulièrement avertir pour l'intérêt que vous avez en elles par le droit de nature; espérant que ne trouverez mauvaise la disposition que nous en avons faite, ainsi plutôt que vous aurez pour agréable le soin que nous avons d'elles. En quoi vous prions de nous seconder, et y apporter aussi de votre part tout l'avancement que [vous] pourrez comme le plus proche parent du côté maternel, prenant et acceptant la tutèle de vos nièces, et vous rendant protecteur et conservateur de ce qu'elles ont de bien en France, afin qu'elles en puissent être subu...ues pour leur entraînement. Et que à cette fin il vous plaise requérir le roi de son commandement et autorité pour les faire faveur s'il en sera de besoin. Et ainsi faisant ici fin de cette, nous prierons le Créateur qu'il vous ait, Monsieur mon cousin, toujours en sa sainte garde, et vous donne très bonne vie et longue. Ecrit à notre Maison de Hampton Court, le dix-septième jour d'octobre, 1584.
Votre très affectionnée bonne cousine
et très assurée amie à jamais
ELIZABETH R.

A Monsieur mon cousin le duc de
Montpensier.

English translation:

SIR, MY COUSIN,
Since the late Prince of Orange, foreseeing the imminent danger to which he was always liable from the secret plots and snares spread for him by his enemies, had, whilst alive, very earnestly prayed us to have his daughters in esteem, and to take them under our protection if it happened to him to leave them fatherless, relying (as he had good right to do) on the favour and affection which we have at all times borne him, We have resolved, after this unfortunate accident of the death of the said Prince to deliver the eldest to the Princess of Navarre (Bierne) her kinswoman, as you know she cannot fail there to be well and virtuously brought up; and to send to fetch the second, who is our god-daughter, to keep her here with us, having before recommended the next, who is named Brabantine, to the Duchess de Bouillon, your sister, to be brought up with Mlle de Bouillon, her daughter. The two others being already assigned, the one, named Ameline, to the Electress Palatine, and the other, named Katherine, to the Countess of Schwartzenburgh, their godmothers. And as for the other, named Flandrine, whom the Lady of Paracly had already with her during the lifetime of the father, We have long very expressly recommended her to her care. Of all this we have wished particularly to inform you, from the interest you have in them by the law of nature, hoping that you will not take ill the disposition we have made, but rather be pleased with the care which we have for them. In which we pray you to second us, and also to bring on your part all the assistance that you can, as the nearest relation on the mother's side, taking and accepting the guardianship of your Nieces, and making yourself protector and preserver of the goods they possess in France, in order that they may be made subservient to their bringing-up. And that to this end it will please you to request the King by his command and authority to further this matter, if need be. And here making an end of this business, We pray the Almighty that he will have you, sir, my Cousin, always in his holy keeping, and give you a good life and long. Written at our House of Hampton Court the seventeenth day of October 1584.
Your very well-affectioned Cousin,
and very assured friend for ever,
ELIZABETH R.

Notes: In accordance with the nobility's ideals in the early modern era, kings and queens considered themselves siblings; when talking to someone of a lower rank than their own, they would refer to that person as "my cousin", regardless of whether or not they were related.

bailler = donner (to give).

Queen Elizabeth I of England's letter to her cousin King James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, dated August 7, 1583

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 1, volume 2, page 294, edited by Henry Ellis, 1825



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, artist unknown.


Above: King James VI of Scotland, painted by either Adrian Vanson or Arnold Bronckorst.

The letter:

Amonge your manie studies my deare Brother and Coson, I would Iscocrates noble lesson weare not forgotten, that wills the Emperor his suvorain to make his words of more accompt then other men theare othes, as metest enseignes to showe the truest bage of a Princes armes. It moveth me much to move you, whan I behold how diversely sondrie wicked pathes, and, like all evill illusions, wrapped under the cloke of your best safety, endanger your state and best good. How maie yt be that yow can suppose an honorabele awneswere maie be made me when all your doings gainesaie your former vowes. You deale not with one whose experience can take drosse for good paiments, nor one that esily will be beguiled. No, No, I mind to sett to schoole your craftiest counsiler. I am sorie to se you bent to wrong youre selfe in thinking to wronge others; yea thos which if thay had not even than taken opertunitie to lett a ruin that was newly begon, that plott would have perilled you more than a thowsand of such mene lives be worth, that perswade you to vouche such deades to deserve a sawles pardon. Why doe you forgett what you write to myselfe with your owne hand, shewing howe dangerous a course the Duke was entred in, thougth yow excused him sellf to thinke noe harm therin, and yet thay that with your safetie preserved yow from it, yow must seme to give them reproche of gilty folke. I hope you more esteme your honor than to give yt such a staine, since you have protested so often to have taken these Lordes for your most affectionate subjects, and to have done all for your best. To conclude, I besech you passe no further in this cause till you receve an expres messinger, a trusty servant of mine, by whome you shall see plainley yow may receive honor and contentment with more suretie to your rest and state, than all thes dissembling counselors will or can bringe yowe. As knoweth the Lord to whose most safe keping I doe committ yow, with my many commendations to your person.
7 August 1583.

With modernised spelling:

Among your many studies, my dear Brother and Cousin, I would Socrates' noble lesson were not forgotten, that wills the Emperor his sovereign to make his words of more account than other men their oaths, as meetest enseignés to show the truest bag of a prince's arms. It moveth me much to move you, when I behold how diversely sundry wicked paths, and, like all evil illusions, wrapped under the cloak of your best safety, endanger your state and best good. How may it be that you can suppose an honourable answer may be made me when all your doings gainsay your former vows. You deal not with one whose experience can take dross for good payments, nor one that easily will be beguiled. No, no, I mind to set to school your craftiest counsillor. I am sorry to see you bent to wrong yourself in thinking to wrong others; yea those which if they had not even than taken opportunity to let a ruin that was newly begun, that plot would have periled you more than a thousand of such mean lives be worth, that persuade you to vouch such deeds to deserve a soul's pardon. Why do you forget what you write to myself with your own hand, shewing how dangerous a course the Duke was entered in, though you excused himself to think no harm therein, and yet they that with your safety preserved you from it, you must seem to give them reproach of guilty folk. I hope you more esteem your honour than to give it such a stain, since you have protested so often to have taken these Lords for your most affectionate subjects, and to have done all for your best. To conclude, I beseech you pass no further in this cause till you receive an express messenger, a trusty servant of mine, by whom you shall see plainly you may receive honour and contentment with more surety to your rest and state, than all these dissembling counsillors will or can bring you. As knoweth the Lord to whose most safe keeping I do commit you, with my many commendations to your person.
7 August 1583.

Notes: In accordance with the nobility's ideals in the early modern era, kings and queens considered themselves siblings; when talking to someone of a lower rank than their own, they would refer to that person as "my cousin", regardless of whether or not they were related.

meetest = most suitable.

mean = lowly.

shew = to show.

Queen Elizabeth I's letter of recall for those who had gone abroad without her leave, year 1583

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 3, volume 4, page 46, edited by Henry Ellis, 1846



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, painted by unknown artist after George Gower.

The letter:

By the Quene.
We greete you well. Forasmuch as you ar of late departed out of this our realme in a very contemptuous sort, without either our licence, or making us or any of our Counsell priuey therunto, We let you, therfor witt, that our pleasr and express will is, that upon the allegeance and duety you owe unto us, you do furthwith, upon the receipt herof, make yowr repair back again into this our realm, and present your self either unto us or our Privey Counsel to declare the causes that moved you in this straunge sort to withdrawe yourself. Letting you further to understand, that if you shall refuse thus to do, we will not faile to procede against you, according to our lawes in that behalf provided. Geven under our signet, at our Palace of Westmr, the .. day of ... 1583, in the six and twentieth yere of our reign.

With modernised spelling:

By the Queen.
We greet you well. Forasmuch as you are of late departed out of this Our realm in a very contemptuous sort, without either Our licence or making Us or any of Our Council privy thereunto, We let you therefore wit that Our pleasure and express will is that upon the allegiance and duty you owe unto Us, you do forthwith, upon the receipt hereof, make your repair back again into this Our realm, and present yourself either unto Us or Our Privy Council to declare the causes that moved you in this strange sort to withdraw yourself. Letting you further to understand that if you shall refuse thus to do, We will not fail to procede against you, according to our laws in that behalf provided. Given under Our signet, at Our Palace of Westminster, the .. day of ... 1583, in the six and twentieth year of Our reign.

Notes: sort = way, manner.

wit = to know.

receipt = receiving.

Queen Elizabeth I's letter of licence for transporting 1,000 pounds' weight of bullion into Russia, dated May 20, 1582

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 3, volume 4, page 45, edited by Henry Ellis, 1846



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, artist unknown.

The letter:

By the Queene
ELIZABETH R.
Wheras our Merchaunts Adventurers trading into the countrees of Moscovia, have, at this present, almoost in a redines eight good shippes, fraighted with clothes and other Englishe commodities, to make saile from our port of London toward Sainct Nicholas and other portes of Russia, We lett you witt that for certen consideracōns us speciallye moving, We have licenced, and by these presents doe licence the bearers hereof in the name of the sayd marchaunts to cary and transport with them out of this our realme towards the said Sainct Nicholas, and other ports of Russia, the quantetye of one thowsand pound waight in bullion. Wherefore we will and commaund you to suffer the said bearer of theis our lettres quietlie to passe by you with the sayd one thousand pound waight of bullion for the purpos aforesayd without any your staie, lett, or molestacōn, as ye tender our pleasure and will aunswere for the contrarye at your perils. And theas our lettres shalbe your sufficient warraunt and discharge in this behalfe. Given under our signet, at our manour of Grenewich, the twentieth daie of May, 1582, in the fower and twentieth year of our raigne.

To all Maiours, Sherifs, Bailiffs, Constables, Customers, Comptrollers, Searchers, and all other our Officers, Ministers, and Subjects to whom it shall appertayne in this case and to everye of them.

With modernised spelling:

By the Queen
ELIZABETH R.
Whereas Our merchants adventurers trading into the countries of Moscovia have, at this present, almost in a readiness eight good ships, freighted with clothes and other English commodities, to make sail from Our port of London toward St. Nicholas and other ports of Russia, We let you wit that for certain considerations Us specially moving, We have licenced, and by these presents do licence, the bearers hereof in the name of the said marchants to carry and transport with them out of this Our realm towards the said St. Nicholas, and other ports of Russia, the quantity of one thousand pound weight in bullion. Wherefore We will and command you to suffer the said bearer of these Our letters quietly to pass by you with the said one thousand pound weight of bullion for the purpose aforesaid without any your stay, let, or molestation, as ye tender our pleasure and will answer for the contrary at your perils. And these Our letters shall be your sufficient warrant and discharge in this behalf. Given under Our signet, at our manor of Greenwich, the twentieth day of May, 1582, in the four and twentieth year of Our reign.

To all Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables, Customers, Comptrollers, Searchers, and all other our Officers, Ministers, and Subjects to whom it shall appertain in this case and to every of them.

Notes: wit = to know.

suffer = to allow.

Queen Elizabeth I's private memorial to William Herle, year 1581

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 3, volume 4, page 37, edited by Henry Ellis, 1846



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, painted either by William Segar or George Gower.

The letter:

A pryvat Memoryall for Wm. Herle of chardg gyven to hym by ye Q. Ma:ty.

ELIZABETH R.
Where yow have one other instruction signed by vs, contening the maner of your proceding in procuryng ye expedition and suerty for recovery of all our armor and mvnition remayning at Hamburgh, Breame, and those marityme parts, our pleasure is that therein ye shall doo your endevor as tyme shall serve you. But our speciall chardg to yow is to procure a bargayne for ye borowyng of a mass of mōny to the somme of iiij.xx or jC. thowsand pownds sterlyng, and to paye for the interest therfore for the space of one yere not above vj. in the hundred. And if yow can not obteyne so great a somme, yet if ye can obteyne a somme above iij. or iiij.xx thowsand pownds vppon such a reasonable interest, we shall allow of your service. And if yow can not obteyne ye interest under vj. for the hundred, than yow maye stay concludyng for any bargayne, and if the interest be not above vij. in the hundred, than to suspend the conclusion therof in such sort, as we may within ij. months accept it or refvse it, and therof other to certefy vs by lettres, or els to retorn your self.

For your manner of proceding herin, ye shall vse the best pollecy that yow can, not to appere that your comming is for that purpoose, vntill you haue found good towardnes in the matter, and than for your authorite to make such a bargayne, yow may at your discretion show your Com̄ission signed and sealed by vs.

For the tyme and place of delyvery, we desyre to haue the mōny if it cold be possible by ye end of August at Antwerp, if not, to haue it in Janvary next at Antwerp. If that can not be, but we must nedes receave ye mōny there in Hamburgh or in Holsatia, than is ye bargayne to be made conditionall, that ye interest shall not begyn, but from ye daye yt we shall haue it in our shippes. And therein ye bargayne must be considered, yt other we must haue it delyvered before ye end of September, or els not before April, beeing the transportation by sea in wynter tyme is dangeroose.

Yow shall for ye assurance of repayment offer ye same bonds yt all other ye merchants of Antwerp and Augsburgh have, which is a bond of ours vnder our Great Seale of England and ye bonds of ye Citee of London vnder there comen seale, both which ye maye covenant to delyver vnto them at such tyme as ye shall accord to receave the monny.

Fynally yow shall vse all your conning to make ye interest easy, and to make ye bargain so conditionall, that we maye haue power vppon knowledg from yow, to accept or refuse, wherin we meane certenly to vse good expedition.

With modernised spelling:

A private memorial for William Herle of charge given to him by the Queen's Majesty.

ELIZABETH R.
Where you have one other instruction signed by Us, containing the manner of your proceding in procuring the expedition and surety for recovery of all Our armour and munition remaining at Hamburg, Breame, and those maritime parts, Our pleasure is that therein ye shall do your endeavour as time shall serve you. But Our special charge to you is to procure a bargain for the borrowing of a mass of money to the sum of IV.XX or IC. thousand pounds sterling, and to pay for the interest therefore for the space of one year not above VI. in the hundred. And if you cannot obtain so great a sum, yet if ye can obtain a sum above III. or IV.XX thousand pounds upon such a reasonable interest, We shall allow of your service. And if you cannot obtain the interest under VII. for the hundred, then you may stay concluding for any bargain, and if the interest be not above VII. in the hundred, then to suspend the conclusion thereof in such sort, as We may within II. months accept it or refuse it, and thereof other to certify Us by letters, or else to return yourself.

For your manner of proceding herein, ye shall use the best policy that you can, not to appear that your coming is for that purpose, untill you have found good towardness in the matter, and then for your authority to make such a bargain, you may at your discretion show your commission signed and sealed by Us.

For the time and place of delivery, We desire to have the money if it could be possible by the end of August at Antwerp, if not, to have it in January next at Antwerp. If that cannot be, but We must needs receive the money there in Hamburg or in Holsatia, then is the bargain to be made conditional, that the interest shall not begin, but from the day that We shall have it in Our ships. And therein the bargain must be considered, that other We must have it delivered before the end of September, or else not before April, being the transportation by sea in winter time is dangerous.

You shall for the assurance of repayment offer the same bonds that all other the merchants of Antwerp and Augsburg have, which is a bond of Ours under Our Great Seal of England and the bonds of the City of London under their common seal, both which ye may covenant to deliver unto them at such time as ye shall accord to receive the money.

Finally you shall use all your cunning to make the interest easy, and to make the bargain so conditional, that We may have power upon knowledge from you, to accept or refuse, wherein We mean certainly to use good expedition.

Notes: Breame = Bremen.

needs = necessarily.

Holsatia = Holstein.

other = otherwise.

both which = both of which.

Queen Elizabeth I of England's letter to the Earl of Shrewsbury on the appointment of Nave as secretary to Mary, Queen of Scots, dated March 29, 1575

Source:

Original letters illustrative of English history, series 1, volume 2, page 277, edited by Henry Ellis, 1825



Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, artist unknown.

The 1,000th post on this blog!

The letter:

ELIZABETH R.              By the Queen.
Right trusty and right welbelovid Cosin and Counsellor we greete yow well. Whereas the Queene of Scotts hath ben destitute of a Frenche Secretary sens the death of Rollet, and hath by her awne lettres, and by meanes out of France, desyred us to suffer an other to come and supplye that place about her; which we have hitherto forborne to graunt, for dyvers good causes, and emong other, for the evell offices whiche her other Secretary did there, wherof yow ar not ignorant. Now forasmuche as the bearer hereof, called de Naou, a Frencheman, hath ben chosen and recommended to us by our brother the Frenche King, with request that he may gooe to her and serve her as her Secretary, and hath promised that he shall carye himself in that even maner that becommeth an honest mynister, nor shall practise any hurtfull or offensyve thing, which he himself hath also vowed and promisid heere, with offer that if he shall at any tyme be fownd fawtye, he submittith him self to any punishment: Upon these respects, and at her earnest request, we ar pleased that the said de Naou shall resort thither and abyde with her as her Secretary. And so our pleasour is yow shall receave him into her company, and suffer him to serve her in that place; admonishing him now, at his entrey, and also herafter, to have consideracion of the caution whiche our said brother the Frenche King hath gyven us for him; and also of his awne promes, as he will avoyd the danger wherin he hath condempnid himself, if he shalbe herin fownd faultye. Geven vnder our Signet at our Mannor of Saint James the XXIXth of Marche, 1575. in the xvijth yere of our Reign.

To our right trusty and right welbeloved
Cosin and Counsellor, the Erle of
Shreusbury, Erle-Marshall of England.

With modernised spelling:

ELIZABETH R.              By the Queen.
Right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin and Counsillor, We greet you well. Whereas the Queen of Scots hath been destitute of a French secretary since the death of Rollet, and hath by her own letters, and by means out of France, desired Us to suffer another to come and supply that place about her; which We have hitherto forborne to grant, for diverse good causes, and among other[s], for the evil offices which her other secretary did there, whereof you are not ignorant. Now forasmuch as the bearer hereof, called de Nave, a Frenchman, hath been chosen and recommended to Us by Our brother the French King, with request that he may go to her and serve her as her secretary, and hath promised that he shall carry himself in that even manner that becometh an honest minister, nor shall practise any hurtful or offensive thing, which he himself hath also vowed and promised here, with offer that if he shall at any time be found faulty, he submitteth himself to any punishment: Upon these respects, and at her earnest request, We are pleased that the said de Nave shall resort thither and abide with her as her secretary. And so Our pleasure is you shall receive him into her company, and suffer him to serve her in that place; admonishing him now, at his entry, and also hereafter, to have consideration of the caution which Our said brother the French King hath given Us for him; and also of his own promise, as he will avoid the danger wherein he hath condemned himself, if he shall be herein found faulty. Given under Our Signet at Our Manor of Saint James the XXIXth of March, 1575. in the XVIIth year of our reign.

To our right trusty and right well-beloved
Cousin and Counsillor, the Earl of
Shrewsbury, Earl-Marshal of England.

Notes: In accordance with the nobility's ideals in the early modern era, kings and queens considered themselves siblings; when talking to someone of a lower rank than their own, they would refer to that person as "my cousin", regardless of whether or not they were related.

suffer = to allow.

offices = services.

Kirsten Bølle's letter to Birgitte Bølle, dated February 8, 1574

Source:


The letter:

Myn aler kerstte, hertte kere søstter, gud almettestte vere alttyd hos deg, och han ophole och bevare deg lenge nodelygen oc vel ffra altt thett, som deg kan vere skadelygett entten tell lyff eler sell, och han lade deg lenge leue och lyde vell, thett vell yeg trolygen ønske och be gud om, och skall engen paa yorden vere kerer en meg. M. a. k. søstter, gyuer yeg deg ganeske venlygen ad vyde, thett yeg rett nu ffeck dyn gode skryulse och dyn hule meneg dery vell fforsttod, hues yeg kan ecke nocksom fful ttacke deg, myn h. k. s., bode ffor den velgerneg och ffor altt søstterlyg bevystt hulhed och ere och gott, som yeg y ale mode beffyner aff deg, hues skall ale myne dage vere vfforglemd y all ttrohed, och vel, saa lenge yeg leuer, ffyndes dyn hule søstter, godvelyg tell ad gøre aff myn renge maett altt, hues yeg ved, deg kertt er, eler du nogenttyd kantt vere ttentt med, som yeg deg des plettyg er, och du ecke skaltt haue ttuyll paa, saa lenge yeg leuer. M. h. k. s., yeg kan ecke skryue, saa rett kertt tthyn gode skryulse er meg, ad yeg hør, gud ske loff, ad deg lyder vell, here gud spare och bevare deg ffremdeles lenge nodelygen och vell mett syn velsenelse och benedydelse. M. h. k. s., fformerker yeg y dyn gode skryulse, ad du men, ad løsørene blyuer ecke skyfftt paa dene gang, saa er tthett rettelygen yle, gud almettestte han vere derhos mett syn helyg ans node, och han vne eder snartt och vell ad kome ttell en god endelyg ende dermett, och gud gyue, du kune snartt kome hem, meg lenges saa rett ffastt aff mett hertte efftter deg, gud vne vos snartt ad ffynes sune och helbre och y gus ffrøtt. M. h. k. s., yeg ttaker deg och saa rettelygen gerne, ffor du estt saa omhøgelyg ffor meg, och er yeg lenge syden vell ttell pas ygen, gud ske loff. Yeg kan nu ecke skryue mer, menes saa lege yeg leuer, skalttti ffyne meg y all hulhed, som deg bør ad ffyne dyn hule søstter. Yeg vel, myn h. k. s., nu och ttell euyg ttyd haue deg gud almettestte saa ttrolyge beffaled bo ttell lyff och sell som meg sell, och ønsker yeg myn kere broder och deg alttyd mange gode netter och altte, y kan haue glede och gott aff. M. h. k. s., gør vell och syg myn gode Mette Per Oxes och ale myne gode vener mange godenetter paa myne vene. Velttu och syge Margrette Base mange godenetter. Dattom Basttnes mandagen nestt efftter kyner møse mett hastt or etc. 1574.
Kerstten Bøler.

Kirsten Bølle's letter to Birgitte Bølle, dated February 6, 1574

Source:


The letter:

Myn aier kerstte søstter, gud almetteste bevare deg y ale dyne vege ffra altt thett, som deg kan vere skadelygett entten ttell lyff eler sell. Yeg vell nu, myn hertte kere søstter, ffor tydens kortthed ecke bemøde deg mett lang ttack sylse, mens vell dog haue altt søstterlyg bevystt [hulhed] och ale velgerneger vfforglemtt y al ttrohed och vell, saa lenge yeg leuer, ffyndes dyn hule søstter tyll ad fforttyned mett altt thett gode, der y myn renge matt er, der yeg nogenttyd ved ad gøre, der deg kertt er, eler du kantt vere ttentt med, som yeg deg des plettyg er, och du alryg skaltt haue ttuyll paa, saa lenge yeg leuer. Myn aler kerstte søstter, yeg kan ecke nocksom fful schryve, saa rett ffastt som meg lenges efftter deg aff altt mett hertte och vell gøre, ttel gud vell vne meg den glede, ad vy mo ffyndes, gud vne vos ad ffyndes sune och helbre och y hans ffaderlyge ffrøtt, ynor han vell fføge ttyden. Och beder yeg deg rettelygen gerne, ad du veltt haue den vmage och skryve meg ett or tyll, hor myn kere broder och deg lyder, och huor du estt nu ttell pas aff thett rosen, gud ffor syn kere sønskyll vne meg alttyd ad høre, ad myn gode broder och deg mo lyde vell, och han ffor syn sttore node och miskunhed vne deg snartt och vell ad ad (!) kome ttell dyn helbre, som du vell gør mett gus help, och mottu vestt ttro, ad tthett engen paa yorden skall vere kerer en meg. M. h. k. s., skryff meg och ett or ttell, om y ere ner ttell ende mett eders skyfftte, och om du atter deg noged snartt hem ttell Gunersløff, gud almettestte vere hos eder mett syn helyg ans node, och han vne eder snartt och vell ad kome tell en god, endelyg ende dermed. Du motte vestt ttro, m. a. k. s., ad meg lenges mer efftter deg, en yeg kan skryue, och er ecke fforvden sttor omsoryg ffor deg, ttell gud vell, ad vy ffyndes, dy du vastt saa suag och yle ttell pas, der vy skeldes ad, gud sttørke och bevare deg mett syn helyg ans node, och han vne meg den glede, ad du mott lenge leue och lyde vell, da er tthett myn sttørstte glede. Yeg kune, m. h. k. s., nu ecke lenger fforhole ad skryue deg ttell, dy meg saa rett ffastt lenges efftter deg och ttenker deg saa møged. Yeg vell nu yntted fforbye meg ymod deg, mens du skaltt ale myne dage ffyne meg y all hulhed, som deg bør ad ffyne dyn hule søstter, godvelyg ttell ad gøre aff myn renge matt altt, hues yeg ved, deg kertt er, eler du kantt vere ttentt med, som yeg deg des plettyg er, och du ecke skaltt haue ttuyl paa, saa lenge yeg leuer. Yeg vell, myn h. k. s., nu och ttell euyg ttyd haue deg gud almettestte saa ttrolygen beffaled som meg sell, och han ophole och bevare deg lenge nodelygen och vell mett møgen løcksalyghed och vellfertt bode ttel lyff och sell. Yeg ønsker myn kere broder och deg alttyd mange godenetter. Dattom Basttnes løuerdagen nestt efftter kynermøse or etc. 1574.
Kerstten Bøler.

M. h. k. s., yeg skreff deg tell ffra Egholem mett Mores Podeboskes vondryuer, yeg fforser meg ttell, ad du hauer vell bekomed breued. Nu gud bevare deg, m. h. k. s., mett syn velsenelse och benedydelse, och han vne vos snartt ad ffyndes sune och helbre etc.

Margit of Tunglax in Kimito's letter, year 1504

Source:

http://df.narc.fi/document/5092

The letter:

Fför alle dande män, som thetta breff see eller höra, bekännis jac Margit, Olaff Olaffsons i Tungalax by i Kymitto sokn atherleffua, och fulleliga tilstaar met tesse myno närwarandis opet breff, ath myn fornempda käre bondhe, Gud hans siäll nadhe, gaff alt thet vy bodhe attom, löst och fast, Gudj, jomffrw Maria oc sancte Birgitta i Nadendall genstan sama dagh, som Gud kallade beggies vors käre son Erik Olaffson, Gud barme sigh offuer hans siäll, och kalladhe til vitne effterscreffne dandemän, som äre: Jonis Stuth j Byrkebo, Nils Olaffsson i sama by, Jonis Skägge j Tungalax by och hans son met Jop Ionisson ther sama stadz, Anders Gudmundzson i Syrnäs, som tha var boolman och togh skatten, Dan Andersson i Bookär och Anders Pedersson ther sama stadz; och stadzfeste och fulbordadhe j syt ytersta, som hans testamentz breff vtvisar. Och jac fornempde Margit met godan vilia fulleliga samtykker, vnner och giffuer alt thet mik tilhörer, löst och fast, och mik selffuan til fornempda closther, alleledis som myns käre bondhes breff inneholler, bode the v stengher, som han vttrykker j sith breff, och alt thet oss bodom rätteliga tilhörer j löst och j fast, alzengo vndan tagno. Och bider jach alle dande män, helzst thom, som för lagh och rätte sithia, at i för Gudz skuld varen fornempda closter Nadendall behiälpoghe och mädstondh görendis, at the mogho then gardhen anama och beholla til äwigh tiid j alle motto, som myns käre bondes breff vtwiser, löntagandis aff alzmectighan Gud, jomfrv Maria och sancta Birgitta, huilkom jach eder alle kerligha befaller. Scriffuit aarom effter Gudz byrd tusande fämhundradhe pa thet fiärde etc. ….. vitnesmän före incigle, mädan jach ey incigle haffuer.

Anna Hansdotter's letter conditionally giving her estate in Nautela, Lundo Parish to the Naantali monastery, dated November 7, 1504

Source:

http://df.narc.fi/document/5080


The letter:

För alle dande mæn, som thetta breff see æller höra, bekænnes jak Anna Hannesdotter, welborens mantzs Jnge Bakarens athirleffua, oc fulleliga tilstaar met thesse myno nærwarandis opne breffwe, thet iach met beradne mode, fulle withu och skælom i myne liffs tyma oc welmakt haffwer giffwit, vnth oc vplatit oc nw giffwer, vnner oc ginstan vplather mith fasta godz i Nawtilæby i Llundh sokn, som ær fæm stenger och ij alna kringom allan for:da Nawtilaby, gamalt frelse godz, i aker och ængh, hws oc jordh, qwærne, fæmark och boo oc booscap och alt thet Gud mik forlænth haffwer, met myn kære maaghens Anders Henricxsons samtyckio, jaa oc godwylia, Gudhi, jomffrw Maria, sancta Birgitta oc Nadendals closter til æwerdeliga ægo oc jngom til athirlösn, met swadhane forordh, at swa længe som Gud spar mik i thetta liiff oc myn kære maagh for:de Anders Henricsson wil jak sielffwe gardhen beholda, oc han effter mik swa lenge han liffwer, om Gud mik förre kallar; och effther begges wars dödh tha annama clostridh gardhen met alle ty ther tha fynnas löösth oc fasth, rörligit och orörligit, och scriffwe mik oc myn for:de maag i æwiiga bönhald met allom them, som jak oc han ægom got före göra. Til mera wisso oc högre fforwarningh bidiom wy boden ærligha dande mæn Olaff Andersson aff wapn, hæridz höffdingie i Piike hæredhe, och Jæppe Pedersson aff wapn oc borgmestara i Nadendall at hengia theris incigle för thetta breff, mædan wy ecke siælffwe jncigle haffwom. Giffwit och scriffwidh j Nadendall anno Domini md quarto, fferia quinta jnfra octauas omnium sanctorum.

Sister Birgitta of Mariendal's letter, dated November 4, 1504

Source:


Soror Birgitta, abbatissa, nec non frater Ruthgerus, confessor generalis, ceterique fratres et sorores utriusque conventus monasterii Mariendal ordinis sancti salvatoris, alias sancte Birgitte nuncupati, prope Revaliam strennuo ac valido viro Erico Thursson militi et honorabili Gundell, sue conthorali, eorumque filiis et filiabus presentibus et futuris, quos cunctipotens sua gracia donare dignabitur, nobis totique congregacioni nostre in Christo sinceriter dilectis, salutem cum oracionum devotarum suffragiis complurimis. Exigente vestra circa nos et monasterium nostrum pia affectione vos tanquam speciales amicos et benefactores in nostram favorabiliter recipimus fraternitatem per presentes, dantes et concedentes vobis in nomine Domini plenam tam in vita quam in morte vestra participacionem omnium bonorum, videlicet missarum, orationum, vigiliarum, abstinenciarum, disciplinarum et jejuniorum ceterorumque piorum ac religio[so]rum exerciciorum, que per nos ac posteros nostros salvatoris clemencia operabitur, adiicientes de gracia speciali, ut cum obitus vester, quem Deus felicem faciat, nobis intimatus fuerit, pro animarum vestrarum remedio salutari apud nos prout nobiscum pro confratribus et sororibus ordinis nostri memoria per vigilias missasque fieri consuetum est peragetur. Datum loco quo supra anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo quarto, feria secunda post omnium sanctorum, nostri conventus sub sigillo in testimonium premissorum.

Karin Jakobsdatter Hegle's letter, dated February 21, 1430

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14300221001

The letter:

Allæ men thetthæ breff seer eller høræ læsæ helsær iech Karin Ieopsdother Claws Grips eftherlewæ ewindelich meth gwth ♦

Och kwngør iech meth thetthe mith obnæ breff mech athawæ aaplath och aapatlathæ wnnæ och athawæ wnth min søsterson Iep Hæghel al min ræth[ieth] ther iech hawer i thet panthæbreff som min brother Ywrghen Hæghel hawdæ aff Thyælwff Skinkel paa Ænghæghard och paa Bøghælwnd engthet wnderthaghet meth allæ sinæ telliggelsæ ♦

Thel hwes breffs ydermere stadfestelsæ trykker iech myth inghæsegel næthen for thetthæ breff ♦

Giuet vnder gwts byrd thws[indæ] firæhwndrethæ paa thet thrædywindæ i Odensæ sancti Petri affthen i fasthæ ♦

Kirsten Pedersdatter's letter, dated May 18, 1429

Source:


Alle mæn som thette breff see eller høre helse wy Kirstine Awe Steeghs effterlewe Pæther Steegh canik j Roskilde Cort Massow pa myn husfrwes weghne oc Jes Olssøn pa myn husfrwes weghne ewynnelighe meth wor herre ♦

Ok kungøre thet alle men nærwerendis oc kommeschulendis at wy wetherkennes oss meth thette wort opne breff athaue salt schøt oc affhænt jrluchtigh første oc methtich herre her Erik meth guths nathe Danmarks Sweriges Norges Wendes oc Godes koning oc hertugh j Pommeren wor nathighe herre wor garth i Køghæ meth boother och bygning oc meth all syn tilliggelse till ewynnelighe æye ♦

Oc tilbinde wy oss oc wore ærwinge at frii oc hemble h[ans n]athe th[e] n [forde ] garth till ewynneligh æye for hwers mantz tilltall som ther vppa tale kan meth rætte effter lantz low ♦

[Ti]ll hwes things witnisbyrth och ydermere bewaring tha haue wy alle forescreffne wore jncigle meth hetherlich fathers biscop Jens j Roskilde jncigle oc Jes Olssøn oc Jes Pætherssøn borghemestere j Køghe jncigle hængt for thette breff ♦

Datum Haffnis anno domini mcdxxix° quarta feria penthecostes

Christina Andersdatter of Sostrup's letter, dated December 22, 1428 or December 1, 1429

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14281222001

The letter:

Edher synnerlik godhe winer Ebbi Henniksøn ok Longawo helsæ wj Cristinæ Anders dætter j Sostorp ok Anders Swensøn perpetuus vicarius j Arws kirkiæ ♦

Oc bedhæ wj øthmyglikæ ath j beseglæ eet breff mæth edher inciglæ ther hedherlik mæn capitel j Arws hafwæ fanget aff oss pa gotz j Sawbro ♦

Hwilket wi wilæ mæth edher forthiænæ ♦

Scriptum nostris sub sigillis crastino sancti Andree apostoli

Modern Danish translation:

Jer, særligt gode venner, Ebbe Hennekesen og Lange Åge, hilser vi Christine Andersdatter i Sostrup og Anders Svendsen, evig vikar i Århus domkirke.

Og vi beder jer ydmygt om, at I med jeres segl besegler et brev, som de hæderværdige mænd, kapitlet i Århus, har fået af os vedrørende gods i Sabro.

Hvilket vi gerne ville gøre os fortjent til af jer.

Skrevet under vore segl dagen efter apostlen sankt Andreas' dag.

English translation (my own):

We greet you, particularly good friends, Ebbe Hennekesen and Lange Åge, we Christine Andersdatter in Sostrup and Anders Svendsen, eternal vicar in Aarhus Cathedral.

And we humbly ask you to seal with your seal a letter that the honourable men, the chapter in Aarhus, have received from us regarding goods in Sabro.

Which we would like to earn from you.

Written under our seal the day after the Apostle Saint Andrew's day.

Christina Andersdatter of Sostrup's letter, dated December 20, 1428

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14281220001

The letter:

[A]llæ mæn som thettæ breff se æller høræ kungøræ wj Cristina Andersdætter aff Sostorp her Swen Wtsøn ridder æfterlæfwæ ok Anders Swensøn fordæ her Swen Wtsøns søn. ok altarista j sanctæ Clemens kirkiæ. ath wi mæth beradhæn hugh oc waræ samfrænders rath oc wiliæ hafwæ sold skøt oc antwordhet seliæ skødæ oc antwordhæ mæth thettæ wart oben breff til ewineligh æghæ hedherlik mæn ok herr[æ] capitel j Arws alt wort gotz oc gardhæ j Sawbro liggendæ een gard ther Thamæs nw j boor een gard ther Jæss Yuersøn nw j boor eet bool som Pedher Lassøn nw j boor oc all war rætigheeth j eet mølnstæth som nw ødhæ ær ther samæ st[æ]th mæth allæ ok hwer besynnerlik the fordæ gotz ok gardhæ. tilleggilsæ agher æng skogh mark fægang. dam oc damzband. wath oc thyrt rørændæ oc vrørændæ ænktæ vnden taghet. ♦

Oc widherkænnæs wj oss fæ oc fwlt wærd ath hafwæ wpboret aff for:dæ capitel æfter waræ nøghæ oc wiliæ. for the for:dæ gotz ok gardhæ oc thakke wj thøm for goth betalingh ♦

Oc widherkænæs wi oss. oc waræ arfwingæ ængen ydermer ræt æller rætigheet ther j nogher madæ ath hafwæ hwilke gotz for:dæ her Swen Wtsøn hwes siæl guth hafwæ til fornæ thet for:dæ capitel til pant sattæ ♦

Item tilbinde wj oss oc ware arfwinge ath frij hemblæ oc frelsæ for:dæ capitel the for:dæ gardhæ oc gotzæ mæth allæ sinæ tilleggilse som for stander til ewigh tiith fra hwer manz tiltalæ. hwilke gardhæ oc gotze wi til fornæ lagbudhet hafwæ pa Sawbrohærets thingh som lanz loff wt wiser ♦

In cujus rei testimonium sigilla nostra una cum honorabili[um] et nobilium virorum videlicet domini Olavi prepositi ecclesie Arusiensis Longiænsses Longawæs Ebbonis Henniksøn armigerorum Erici Litlæ et Magni Matthie consulum Arusiensium presentibus sunt appensa.♦

Datum anno domini mcdxxoctavo vigilia sancti Thome apostoli

Modern Danish translation:

Alle, som ser eller hører dette brev, kundgør vi Christina Andersdatter af Sostrup, enke efter hr. Svend Udsen, ridder, og Anders Svendsen, førnævnte hr. Svend Udsens søn og alterpræst i Sankt Clemens kirke, at vi med velberåd hu og vore samfrænders råd og vilje har solgt, skødet og overdraget og sælger, skøder og overdrager med dette vort åbne brev til evig eje til de hæderværdige mænd og herrer, kapitlet i Århus, alt vort gods beliggende i Sabro: en gård hvor Tammes nu bor, en gård hvor Jes Iversen nu bor, et landbosted hvor Peder Lassen nu bor, og al vor rettighed i et møllested sammesteds, som nu er øde, med alle og hver af det førnævnte gods' og gårdes tilliggender, ager, eng, skov, mark, fægang, dam og damsbånd, vådt og tørt, fast ejendom og løsøre, intet undtaget.

Og vi vedkender os at have oppebåret helt og fuldt værd af førnævnte kapitel efter vor nøje og vilje for det førnævnte gods og gårde; og vi takker dem for god betaling.

Og vi vedkender på vore egne og vore arvingers vegne ingen yderligere ret eller rettighed at have i det gods, førnævnte hr. Svend Udsen — hvis sjæl Gud have! — pantsatte til det førnævnte kapitel.

Ligeledes forpligter vi os til at fri, hjemle og fritage førnævnte kapitel de førnævnte gårde og gods med alle tilliggender, som førnævnt, fra tiltale fra enhver til evig tid; hvilke gårde og gods vi tidligere har lovbudt på Sabro herredsting i overensstemmelse med lands lov.

Til vidnesbyrd om dette er vore segl hængt ved dette brev sammen med segl tilhørende de hæderværdige og ædle mænd, hr. Oluf, provst ved Århus domkirke, Lange Jens, Lange Åge, Ebbe Hennekesen, væbnere, Erik Litle og Mogens Madsen, rådmænd i Århus.

Givet i det Herrens år 1428, dagen før apostlen sankt Thomas' dag.

English translation (my own):

To all who see or hear this letter, we Christina Andersdatter of Sostrup, widow of Mr. Svend Udsen, knight, and Anders Svendsen, the aforementioned Mr. Svend Udsen's son and altar priest in St. Clement's Church, announce that we advice and will have sold, deeded and handed over and sells, deeds and hands with this our open letter to eternal ownership to the honorable men and gentlemen, the chapter in Aarhus, all our estate located in Sabro: a farm where Tammes now lives, a farm where Jes Iversen now lives, a country house where Peder Lassen now lives, and all our rights in a mill place in the same place, which is now deserted, with all and every one of the aforesaid estates 'and farms' adjoining, fields, meadows, forest, fields, fægang, pond and pond bands, wet and dry, real estate and movables, nothing except.

And we acknowledge to have received wholly and fully worth of the aforesaid chapter according to our diligence and will for the aforesaid estates and farms; and we thank them for good payment.

And we acknowledge, on behalf of our own and our heirs, no further right or right to have in the estate, the aforesaid Mr. Svend Udsen — whose soul may God keep! — pledged to the aforesaid chapter.

Likewise, we undertake to free, authorise and exempt the aforesaid chapter, the aforesaid farms and estates with all adjoining, as aforesaid, from indictment from any to eternal time; which farms and estates we have previously legislated on Sabro county councils in accordance with the law of the land.

As evidence of this, our seals are hung by this letter together with seals belonging to the honourable and noble men, Mr. Oluf, Provost at Aarhus Cathedral, Lange Jens, Lange Åge, Ebbe Hennekesen, gunman, Erik Litle and Mogens Madsen, councilors in Aarhus.

Given in the year of Our Lord 1428, the day before the Apostle St. Thomas' day.

Gyde Ingvarsdatter Gris's letter, dated April 11, 1428

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14280411001

The letter:

Jæk Gydæ Jnggwærss dottær Anders Skiold zs æfftær lewæ aff Hærssløff kænnæs meth thettæ mith opnæ breff at jæk hawer op ladith all min rættighet j Hærssløff som ær thæn howet gardh som wi j bothæ hwilkin som min hosbondæ liwsdæ migh til gen[gæld] foræ mith gotzs han saldæ / o[p] ladær jæk til ewinnelighæ [æyæ] til sancte Awænssæ klostær j Roskyldæ meth all ræt breff oc welkor som thet ær migh vppa kommet foræ gotgerningger the hawæ oss giort oc foræ min hosbondæs siæls thwrfft skyld oc min siæls skyld oc fleræ woræ forældræs ♦

Meth swo dant skæl at woræ thet swo at thet æy holdæs som the hawæ migh sawt tha skal jæk wæræ fwldmæctigh til at tagæ mith gotzs friit j gen ♦

In cujus rei testimonium sigillum meum una cum sigillis virorum nobilium videlicet Torberni Ienssøn de Ørsleff et Magni Ienssøn civis Rosky[l]densis presentibus est appensum ♦

Datum anno domini m° cd° xxviii° dominica quasi modo geniti etcetera ♦

Anne Arvidsdatter's letter, year 1428

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14280000001

The letter:

1428. Anna Arnvitzdocter Borchard Lembechs fordum aff vaapen effterleve kungior at jak karsh velmughede oc vsiugh guth, jomfrv Marie oc s:te Birgitte till heder, allæ cristnæ siæle oc synderlig Arvid Suendsen min faders oc Ilone Rantzovsdatter min moders siele till roo ok lysæ och mich till siæletharff frelselige antvorder Maribo closter alle mine gordhe ok goodz liggende i Kippinge i Vithby i Guntzleff magle oc i Schiærnæ i Falster met alle opna breff jegg derpaa haffuer som hun arffuede effter father oc moder. (ingta met alle vndertaghet oc fri hiemle etcetera) Vden thæs at systre oc brødrhæ i for:ne closter schulle sælffer løse forn:r gods aff her Folmer Jeipsøn fordum ridder arffuinge for hundrede lubische mark i penninge som the breff liuder the ther apaa haffue.

Cum sigillo. virorum nobilium et discretorum Ivani Fos justiciarii regis Daciæ Heningi Kabeld militis Nicolai Laurentii armigeri Andreæ Falster canonici Ripensis. Johannis Michaelis in Væthlæ Andreæ Karsemosæ in Horberløff terræ Falstria och virorum Hennekini Marquardi presbyteri etcetera

Modern Danish translation:

1428. Anne Arvidsdatter, enke efter afdøde Borkvard Limbek, væbner, kundgør, at jeg — sund, usvækket og rask — til ære for Gud, Jomfru Maria og sankt Birgitta, og til ro og lise for alle kristne sjæle og særlig min fader Arvid Svendsens og min moder Ilone Rantzausdatters sjæle, og til min sjæls frelse, frit overdrager Maribo kloster alle mine gårde og alt mit gods, som ligger i Kippinge, i Vedby, i Gundslevmagle og i Skerne på Falster, med alle åbne breve, som jeg har på det, som hun arvede efter sin fader og moder, (alt uden undtagelse og frit hjemlet og så videre). Foruden at søstrene og brødrene i førnævnte kloster skulle selv indløse det førnævnte gods af afdøde ridder, hr. Folmer Jakobsens arvinger for hundrede lybske mark penninge, således som der står i de breve, de har om denne sag.

Med ... segl ... tilhørende de ædle og forstandige mænd Ivan Fos, Danmarks konges justitiar, Henning Kabel, ridder, Niels Larsen, væbner, Anders Falster, kannik i Ribe, Jens Mikkelsen i Vejle, Anders Karsemose i Horbelev i landet Falster og ... mænd ... Hennike Markvardsen, præst og så videre.

Ingeborg Dosenrode's letter, dated August 12, 1425

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14250812001

The letter:

Jek Ingeborch her Niels Strangessons effterleue kennes meth thette opne breff for alle the thet høre eller lese at jek aff myn nathighe herre konung Erik s serdelis nathe for eet ræt nathelicht laan anamat hauer swo lenge hans nadhe til sigher thette effterscreffne gotz huilkit for:de myn husbonde oc jek fordhum skøtte oc affhende wnder wor nadhige frue drotning Margrete hwes syel guth haue oc for:de myn nadhige herre oc rigit swo som ær j Thøwing j Byerby j Schallorp oc j Flæthe j Morssæ belæget oc vppa Thyurholm j Thyydh ♦ j swo dan made oc wilkor at jek wil oc scal huuert aar vm pingesdaghe giue oc betale hans nadhe ther aff two lødighe mark oc tyughe j swo dane pænninge oc munt som geue oc genge ær j rikit ♦ Vtan aff thette aar som nw ær jnne scal jek hans nadhe eke giue vtan ellewe lødighe mark om mikelssmøsse ♦

J swo made som nw ær sacht kennes jek mich thette for:ne gotz aff myns herre nadhe till lans at hawe oc ey annerlethes ♦

Till wisse oc mere bewarning hawir jek mit jncigle weterlike hengt for thette breff ♦

Datum Haffnis anno domini mcdxxquinto dominica infra octavam beati Laurencii martiris gloriosi

Sofie Olufsdatter's letter, dated June 1, 1425

Source:

https://diplomatarium.dk/dokument/14250601001

The letter:

Allæ mæn som thettæ breff se æller høræ helser jak Sophiæ een wælborn manz her Claws Krumpen s æfterlefwæ hwes siæl guth hafwæ ewinnelik meth guth ♦

Ok kungør jak meth thettæ mit oben breff ath jak vplader ok gifwer jak min af tale af then jord liggendes vppa Fullen mark som min kære hosbondæ her Clawus Krumpen ok her Niels Buze canik j Arws thrættæ længi wm ♦

Ok kennes jak mik engen ret ydermeræ ath hafwæ j then forde jord eller minæ arfwinge ♦

In cujus rei testimonium sigillum meum una cum sigillis honorabilium dominorum videlicet Olavi prepositi et Johannis Lyungh cantoris presentibus est appensum

Datum anno domini mcdxxv feria sexta pentecostes /. ♦

Marina's letter to her son Grigory, dated between 1400 and 1410

Source:

http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/document/show/novgorod/125/

The letter:

поклонъ. ѿ маринѣ. къ сну. к моѥму григорью купи ми. зѣндѧнцю. добр.у. а кун ꙗзъ. дала. двду. прибшѣ. и т чадо. издѣи. при собѣ. да привези. сѣмо.

Romanised translation:

poklonŭ ot marině kŭ sinu k mojemu grigorŭju kupi mi zěndęncju dobru a kuny jazŭ dala davidu pribyv šě i ty čado izděi pri sobě na privezi sěmo.

Modern Russian translation:

Поклон от Марины сыну моему Григорию. Купи мне хорошую зендянь; а деньги я дала Давыду Прибыше. Так ты, дитя мое, сделай [покупку] сам (букв.: в своем присутствии) да привези сюда.

English translation (my own):

Regards from Marina to my son Gregory. Buy me a good zendian; and I gave the money to David Pribysha. So you, my child, make [the purchase] yourself (literally: in your presence) and bring it here.

An unnamed widow's letter to her brother asking him to help with the household, written between 1360 and 1380

Source:


The letter:

… уцинилъ пособи б҃а дѣлѧ по сиро[т]а[хъ] да попецалусѧ ѡ мнѣ перостави сѣникъ уцини ми добро а ѧзъ тобѣ много кланѧсѧ брату своѥму а да купи ми [іс]т[еп]ку а васи[л]ко [л]итвин[ъ] …
(…)

Romanisation:

...
... ucinilŭ posobi b[og]a dělę po sirotahŭ da popecalusę ot mně perostavi sěnikŭ ucini mi dobro a ęzŭ tobě mnogo klanęsę bratu svojemu a da kupi mi istepku a vasilko litvinŭ...

Russian translation:

… помоги, бога ради, сиротам; да позаботься обо мне, переставь (т. е. поставь заново) сенник, сделай милость. А я тебе, брату своему, низко кланяюсь. Да еще купи мне … (вероятно: изобку). А Василько-литвин …

English translation (my own):

... help, for God's sake, orphans; and take care of me, rearrange (that is, put anew) the sennik, do mercy. And I bow low to you, my brother. And also buy me ... (probably: an image). And Vasilko-Litvin ...

Gostyata's letter to Yazha, dated between 1140 and 1160

Source:


The letter:

…остѧтѣ къ ѧжи съкопивъши вѣверъ…
…[ъ]жи же ѧз[ъ] ти придоу по великѣ дъ(ни)
(…)

Romanisation:

...ostęte kŭ ęži sŭkopivŭši věverŭ...
...[ŭ]ži že ęz[ŭ] ti pridu po velikě dŭ(ni)

Russian translation:

От Гостяты к Яже. Собери денег [и храни]; а я приду после Пасхи.

English translation (my own):

From Gostyata to Yazha. Collect money and keep; and I will come after Easter.

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 689) by Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:


The poem:

海山も隔たらなくに何しかも目言をだにもここだ乏しき

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

umiyama mo
pedataranaku ni
nani sikamo
mekötö wo dani mo
kököda tömosiki

English translation:

Sea-girt peaks
Stand not in our way, so
Why should it be
That a glimpse and a word alone
Should come so rarely?

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 688) by Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:


The poem:

靑山を橫ぎる雲のいちしろく我れと笑まして人に知らゆな

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

awoyama wo
yökögiru kumo nö
itisiroku
ware tö wemasite
pitö ni sirayu na

English translation:

A blue mountain
With drifting cloud,
How plainly
You do smile at me;
Let not others see!

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 687) by Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:


The poem:

うつくしと我が思ふ心速川の塞きに塞くともなほや崩えなむ

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

urupasi tö
a ga omopu kökörö
payakapa nö
seki ni seku tömo
napo ya kuenamu

English translation:

How fine you are!
So thinks my heart
In a rushing torrent
And though I dam it up,
Soon, 'tis sure to burst.

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 686) by Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:

http://www.wakapoetry.net/mys-iv-686/

The poem:

このころは千年や行きも過ぎぬると我れやしか思ふ見まく欲りかも

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

könö körö pa
titose ya yuki mo
suginuru tö
ware ya sika omopu
mimaku pori ka mo

English translation:

Recently
A thousand years or more
Had passed –
Or so I thought;
Perhaps because I long to see you.

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 685) by Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:


The poem:

人言を繁みか君が二鞘の家を隔てて戀ひつつまさむ

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

pitögötö wo
sigëmi ka kimi ga
puta saya nö
ipe wo pedatete
kopitutu masamu

English translation:

Is it people’s talk
So lush – that you,
The twin-scabbard
Of your house a hindrance,
Must yearn for me?

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 684) by Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:


The poem:

今は我は死なむよ我が背生けりとも我れに依るべしと言ふといはなくに

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

ima pa a pa
sinamu yo wa ga se
ikeri tö mo
ware ni yörubësi
tö ipu tö ipanakuni

English translation:

Now, I will
Indeed, die, my love;
For if I lived,
Would you cleave to me?
There’s no word of it

Poem in the Man'yōshū (MYS IV: 683) by Lady Ōtomo of Sakanoue, date 8th century

Source:


The poem:

言ふ言の畏き國ぞ紅の色にな出でそ思ひ死ぬとも

Romaji transliteration (in reconstructed Old Japanese):

ipu kötö nö
Kasikoki kuni zö
Kurenawi nö
Iro ni na ide sö
Omopi sinu tö mo

English translation:

What is said
Brings dread, in this land:
In scarlet
Colours, don't go out,
Die from your desire though you might.

"Song of Sorrow", a poem by Princess Xijun of Jiangdu and Wusun, written in the 2nd century B.C.

Source:

Kern, Martin (2004). "The Poetry of Han Historiography". Early Medieval China. 10–11 (1): 23–65.

via

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Xijun

Liu Xijun (Chinese: 劉細君; pinyin: Liú Xìjūn; Wade–Giles: Liu Hsi-chün, born circa 123, died 101 B.C.), also known as Princess Xijun (細君公主), Princess of Jiangdu (Chinese: 江都公主) or the Princess of Wusun (Chinese: 烏孫公主), was a princess of the Han dynasty sent to marry the King of Wusun as marriage alliance. This poem said to be by her is one of the earliest known Chinese poems attributable to a named woman.

The poem:

悲愁歌
吾家嫁我兮天一方,
遠托異國兮烏孫王。
穹廬為室兮旃為牆,
以肉為食兮酪為漿。
居常土思兮心內傷,
願為黃鵠兮歸故鄉。

Romanisation (in reconstructed Old Chinese):

prɯl zrɯw kaːl

ŋaː kraː kraː ŋaːlʔ ɢeː qʰl'iːn qliɡ paŋ,
ɢʷanʔ l̥ʰaːɡ lɯɡs kʷɯːɡ ɢeː qaː suːn ɢʷaŋ.
kʰʷɯŋ ra ɢʷal hliɡ ɢeː tjan ɢʷal zaŋ,
lɯʔ njuɡ ɢʷal ɦljɯɡ ɢeː ɡ·raːɡ ɢʷal ʔsaŋ.
kas djaŋ l̥ʰaːʔ snɯ ɢeː slɯm nuːbs hljaŋ,
ŋʷans ɢʷal ɡʷaːŋ kuːɡ ɢeː klul kaːs qʰaŋ.

Romanisation (with modernised spelling):

Bēichóu gē

Wú jiā jià wǒ xī tiān yīfāng,
Yuǎn tuō yìguó xī wū sūn wáng.
Qiónglú wèi shì xī zhān wèi qiáng,
Yǐ ròu wèi shí xī lào wèi jiāng.
Jū cháng tǔ sī xī xīn nèishāng,
Yuàn wéi huáng hú xī guī gùxiāng.

English translation (by Kern):

Song of Sorrow

My family married me off to the edge of the world
Far away to the strange land of the Wusun king
A domed hut is my chamber, the felt my walls
Meat is my food, fermented milk my drink
Living here, I long for my land, and my heart aches
Wishing I could be a yellow swan, and return to my old home.

Note: The yellow swan (黃鵠, huánghú) is a legendary bird in China that can fly nonstop for a thousand Chinese miles.